比特幣的價值以何為支撐?

譯者 王為

文中黑字部分為原文,藍字部分為譯文,紅字部分為譯者註釋或補充說明

What Backs Bitcoin

by Peter St Onge

比特幣的價值以何為支撐?

As bitcoin goes mainstream, we’re seeing a rise in strong opinions about it。 It’s the mac-vs-PC of the currency world。

隨著比特幣日漸興起,越來越多針鋒相對的觀點開始顯現,在貨幣領域中也出現了類似於計算機界“到底是蘋果機好還是PC機好” 一樣的爭論。

JP Morgan CEO Jamie Dimon, famous for scoring a 25 billion dollar taxpayer bailout, thinks bitcoin is a fraud。 Nobel economist Robert Shiller thinks it’s a “fad” and a bubble。

以掠走250億美元來自納稅人的紓困資金而臭名遠揚的大通摩根銀行執行長傑米·戴蒙認為比特幣是個騙局。諾貝爾經濟學獎獲得者羅伯特·席勒認為比特幣只是個泡沫,堅持不了多久。

The always entertaining Paul Krugman thinks bitcoin is a waste of electricity。 And Blackrock strategist Turnhill is afraid to price it because he says bitcoin’s got no “inherent value。”

總是喜歡語出驚人的美國經濟學家保羅·克魯格曼認為比特幣純粹是浪費電力,私募基金黑石公司的策略分析師Turnhill極不情願給比特幣做個估值,因為他曾表示比特幣壓根就沒有任何內在固有價值。

On the other hand are the people who actually own and use bitcoins。 Hodlers, [Hold On for Dear Life], who are often quite passionate about cyber-currencies。 They’ve been very right so far, and don’t mind letting the world know。

但另一方面,實際持有和使用比特幣的卻大有人在。有一些比特幣的死多頭“持有比特幣打死都不賣”,對虛擬貨幣總是熱情萬丈。到目前為止,他們所做的一切都是那麼的正確,並且巴不得讓這一成功故事變得家喻戶曉。

The two sides are miles apart: skeptics think bitcoin and other cybercoins are snake-oil floating tulip-like upon the delusions of basement-dwellng anarchists。 While basement-dwelling anarchists, some of whom now live on yachts in Monaco, think cybercurrencies are the wave of the future。 A wave that will dethrone the devil’s very own paper money, along with that innocent if barbaric relic, gold。

這兩撥人的看法好比水火不相容:懷疑論者認為比特幣和其他虛擬貨幣是棲身於地下室裡的無政府主義者空想出來的東西。而那些被認為是躲在地下室裡的無政府主義者,其中一些人如今正躺在摩洛哥的自家遊艇上曬太陽,則認為虛擬貨幣代表著未來的潮流,這股潮流將把魔鬼般的舊勢力牢牢掌握的紙幣體系扔進歷史的垃圾堆,而本不相干的被認為是“史前遺蹟”的黃金也難逃此命運。

So who’s right? Is it cybertulips or is the US dollar about to get crushed like Amazon destroying a bookstore?

哪一種觀點是正確的?是虛擬貨幣不過就是歷史上曾出現過的荷蘭鬱金香泡沫?還是就像亞馬遜橫掃實體書店一樣美元的霸主地位終將迎來末日?

Today I’m going to address one main concern of critics, that there’s nothing “backing” bitcoin。 This is what Turnhill was getting at with “no inherent value” and it’s a fundamental misperception of how currencies work。

在此我將針對一種主流批判觀點進行探討,即認為比特幣的背後沒有任何東西作為支撐,這是Turnhill關於“比特幣沒有任何內在固有價值”的觀點產生的基礎,同時也是對貨幣執行機制根本性的理解錯誤。

The key here is a currency — like anything else in the economy including goods, services, or assets — doesn’t get its price from some mythical “inherent value。” Rather, prices come from simple supply and demand。 Supply is the amount of the currency in circulation, and demand is how much do people want it。 In the case of currencies, people demand them for two main reasons: to enable transactions, and to act as a store of value — for savings。

最關鍵的地方在於,像實體經濟中的其他一切事物一樣,諸如商品、服務或資產,貨幣的價值並不是來自於那些玄而又玄的“內在固有價值”,而是僅僅來自於供求關係的變化。貨幣供應指的是流通中貨幣的數量,貨幣需求指的是人們需要多少這樣的貨幣。對於貨幣,人們的需求主要來自兩個方面:一是應有助於完成交易,即發揮交易媒介的作用;二是扮演儲藏手段,比如存款就可以儲存起來。

This means any valuable currency, including bitcoin, has value for the simple reason that it offers a feature bundle that beats competing currencies for some people, for some transactions, or for some savings。 The currency to beat for bitcoin is, of course, physical dollars, electronic dollars, and to a lesser extent gold or new cybercurrencies with better features。

這就意味著任何一種具有價值的貨幣,包括比特幣在內,之所以具有價值僅僅是因為這種貨幣對於某些人來說,在某些交易場景中或某些需要發揮儲藏手段的情況下比其他的貨幣選項展現出了更高的競爭力。以比特幣為例,比特幣需要打敗的對手,毫無疑問包括以實體貨幣形式存在的美元,以電子貨幣形式存在的美元以及更小範圍意義上的其他貨幣形式,比如黃金和自身的某些特性更有吸引力的新的虛擬貨幣。

Value comes from usefulness, not from melting

貨幣真正的價值來自於使用,而非天然被賦予的價值

So, first off, what does it mean to “back” a currency? The term comes from the olden days when paper money could be exchanged for something you can drop on your foot — typically gold or silver。 You’d take your paper to a bank and trade it for gold — in the case of the US dollar, 20 bucks would buy an ounce of gold。

先來回答這麼一個問題,是什麼東西支撐了一個貨幣的價值?“支撐”這個詞可有老鼻子的歷史了,最早的時候紙幣隨時可以置換成看得見摸得著的東西,通常是黃金或者白銀。拿著紙幣到銀行去換黃金,比如20美元可以換一盎司黃金。

Now, this world is long gone at this point; first the Fed, then Richard Nixon repudiated backing。 Which is why today the dollar can’t be traded for any backing commodity — if you give it to the bank they’ll just give you another dollar in its place, and give you a funny look。

如今,這都是老皇曆了。先是美聯儲,然後是尼克松總統拒絕外國拿著美元到美國來兌換黃金。這就是為什麼現如今美元不能直接換商品的原因了,如果你拿著美元到銀行櫃檯換東西,他們只會照著原樣給你同樣多的美元,然後帶著關愛傻子一樣的眼神看著你。

Of course, you can still buy gold with dollars, just as you can buy a car or a pleasant night on the town。 And you’ve probably noticed 20 bucks no longer buys an ounce of gold nor, for that matter, does it buy a very pleasant evening on the town unless your date likes McDonalds。

當然了,用美元還是能買到黃金的,就像你可以用美元買一臺小汽車或者在城裡瀟灑一夜。你可能會注意到用20美元已經買不到一盎司黃金了,而且也不夠在城裡瀟灑一夜的了,除非你安排好的約會地點是在麥當勞。

In the case of bitcoin, like the dollar, it is backed by precisely nothing。 You can’t “redeem” a bitcoin for ounces of gold。 And, also like a dollar, you can buy all sorts of things with a bitcoin — a coffee, a car, a house。 And, of course, unlike the dollar bitcoins have gone up in value, not down, so you can buy a very pleasant evening on the town with a bitcoin today。

與美元一樣,比特幣的背後同樣也沒有什麼具體的東西作為價值的支撐。比特幣不能直接兌換黃金,而是像美元一樣,比特幣也可以被用於購買各種各樣的東西,買咖啡,買小汽車,買房子。當然有一點是美元比不了的,比特幣的價值在漲而不是跌,因此你今晚可以拿著一個比特幣可以在城裡過一個非常有檔次的夜生活。

Stepping back for a moment, if we’ve learned one thing from the much-feared unbacking of paper money, it’s that backing mattered suprisingly little。 It matters for controlling inflation, yes, but not for the actual price of a currency: dollars, pounds, yen still hold value decades after complete unbacking。

靜下心來好好想一想,如果我們已經從紙幣的信用沒有任何東西作為支撐的可怕現實中悟到了什麼,那就是貨幣背後的支撐竟然是可有可無的。一個貨幣最關鍵的地方在於能否制住通貨膨脹,而不是本身具有多少實際的價值。在失去實物作為信用支撐的幾十年後的今天,美元、英鎊、日元照樣保住了自己的地位。

So backing is nice but it’s overwhelmed by supply and demand。 Just as the main value of a shovel is its ability to dig dirt, not the melt-value of its iron, the main value of a given currency is its ability to enable transactions and savings。 Transaction demand representing what’s in your wallet, and savings demand representing what’s in your bank or under your bed if you swing that way。

因此說,貨幣背後有東西作為信用支撐固然很好,但最重要的是供求關係的影響。就好比一個鏟子的價值來自於能用來挖地,而不是打造這把鏟子時用了多少鐵,一個貨幣之所以廣為接受是因為其能保證交易順利完成和作為儲藏手段。貨幣的交易需求決定錢包中貨幣的價值大小,貨幣的貯藏需求決定銀行存款或床墊底下藏錢(如果有人好這口的話)金額的多少。

Value is in the eye of the beholder

貨幣的價值取決於旁人怎麼看

Now note the currency doesn’t have to win at everything; it merely has to be best for some transactions, for some savings applications, and only for some people。 If so, it has value — it’s worth something。 Specifically how much value depending on how many people, how many transactions, how much savings, all set against the supply in circulation。 If, on the other hand, nobody uses the currency to transact or save then, yes, it’s worthless。

現在明白了吧,一個貨幣沒有必要“包打天下”解決所有的問題,只需滿足一些交易場景,一些存款以及一部分人的需求就可以了。只要能做到這一點,這個貨幣就具有價值,就有了用武之地。尤其需要指出來的是,一個貨幣具有多少價值取決於有多少人在多少交易中和多少存款需求中使用,這些因素決定了流通中貨幣的供應量。假如是另一番景象,如果一種貨幣沒有任何人用於交易或用來存錢,沒錯,該貨幣就不具有任何價值。

In the next bitcoin video I’ll get into real-world numbers, asking precisely what transactions or savings are best suited to bitcoin, to other cryptocurrencies, or to gold for that matter。 But for now the point is that, given its quasi-fixed supply, bitcoin has value not because tulips or ponzi, rather because it’s useful to some people for some transactions or some savings。

在下一篇文章中,我會用實際的案例來說明有哪些交易或存款的需求適合採用比特幣作為中介,而不是其他的虛擬貨幣或黃金。但這裡要指出來一點,由於比特幣的供應量幾乎是封頂的,因此比特幣的價值並非來自於投機炒作或旁氏騙局,而是因為比特幣能夠滿足某些人在某些交易中或某些存款的需求。

As for the debate itself, because we can see usage of bitcoin continues to grow along with the price, there’s nothing fundamentally odd or worrying about bitcoin’s soaring price, even granting that short-term bubbles are always happening across financial markets。 Finally, getting out the crystal ball, it follows that bitcoin’s long-term price will tend to simply follow that demand: more or less transactions, more or less savings, for more or less people。

至於圍繞比特幣的爭論,由於在價格上漲的同時比特幣的應用也在變得日益廣泛,就算知道金融市場上總會有這樣或那樣的短期資產泡沫,比特幣行情的暴漲也根本沒啥可奇怪可擔憂的。最後,應停止無根據的瞎猜,長期來看比特幣的價格一般就是由需求端的變化決定的:交易量的大還是小,存款需求的多還是少,使用人群的範圍怎樣。