When I was 10 years old， a cousin of mine took me on a tour of his medical school。 And as a special treat， he took me to the pathology lab and took a real human brain out of the jar and placed it in my hands。 And there it was， the seat of human consciousness， the powerhouse of the human body， sitting in my hands。 And that day I knew that when I grew up， I was going to become a brain doctor， scientist， something or the other。
我十歲的時候， 我的一個表兄帶我參觀了他上的醫學院。 作為一次特別優待 他帶我去了病理學實驗室 拿出一個真正的人腦 從一個罐子裡 把它放在了我手裡。 就是這 這裡就是人們意識的載體 人們身體的司令部 它就在我手中 這一天我知道當我長大 我會成為一名研究大腦的醫生 科學家，或者是其他的什麼
Years later， when I finally grew up， my dream came true。 And it was while I was doing my Ph。D。 on the neurological causes of dyslexia in children that I encountered a startling fact that I‘d like to share with you all today。 It is estimated that one in six children， that’s one in six children， suffer from some developmental disorder。 This is a disorder that retards mental development in the child and causes permanent mental impairments。 Which means that each and every one of you here today knows at least one child that is suffering from a developmental disorder。
幾年之後，當我真地長大了， 我的夢想實現了。 就在我做 關於兒童閱讀障礙的神經學起因 的博士論文時 我發現了一個令人吃驚的現象 今天我想以此與你們分享。 據估計有六分之一的兒童， 六分之一呀， 受發展障礙的影響。 這是一種 妨礙兒童智力發展， 甚至導致智力永久損傷的疾病。 這意味著今天在座的各位中每六個人中就有一個人 知道至少一個孩子正在受 發展障礙疾病的折磨。
But here‘s what really perplexed me。 Despite the fact that each and every one of these disorders originates in the brain， most of these disorders are diagnosed solely on the basis of observable behavior。 But diagnosing a brain disorder without actually looking at the brain is analogous to treating a patient with a heart problem based on their physical symptoms， without even doing an ECG or a chest X-ray to look at the heart。 It seemed so intuitive to me。 To diagnose and treat a brain disorder accurately， it would be necessary to look at the brain directly。 Looking at behavior alone can miss a vital piece of the puzzle and provide an incomplete， or even a misleading， picture of the child’s problems。 Yet， despite all the advances in medical technology， the diagnosis of brain disorders in one in six children still remained so limited。
但是困擾我的還不是這個。 儘管每一種 每一種疾病 都可以在大腦中找到根源， 但大部分 只能透過可觀察到的 行為來確診。 診斷一種腦部疾病 卻不直接檢視大腦 就像是治療心臟病人 根據他們的身體症狀， 而不做心電圖或者胸部X-光片 來檢視心臟。 我憑直覺感到 要準確地診斷治療腦部疾病 直接檢視大腦是很必要的。 直接觀察行為本身 就可能錯過至關重要的資訊 而僅僅提供一種不完整， 甚至能讓人誤解的構想。 但是，儘管有先進的醫療技術， 要診斷出六分之一 患病兒童的病因 依然不是件容易的事。
And then I came across a team at Harvard University that had taken one such advanced medical technology and finally applied it， instead of in brain research， towards diagnosing brain disorders in children。 Their groundbreaking technology records the EEG， or the electrical activity of the brain， in real time， allowing us to watch the brain as it performs various functions and then detect even the slightest abnormality in any of these functions： vision， attention， language， audition。 A program called Brain Electrical Activity Mapping then triangulates the source of that abnormality in the brain。 And another program called Statistical Probability Mapping then performs mathematical calculations to determine whether any of these abnormalities are clinically significant， allowing us to provide a much more accurate neurological diagnosis of the child‘s symptoms。 And so I became the head of neurophysiology for the clinical arm of this team， and we’re finally able to use this technology towards actually helping children with brain disorders。 And I‘m happy to say that I’m now in the process of setting up this technology here in India。
之後我便遇到了哈佛大學的一個小組， 他們已經研發出了先進的醫療技術 並最終把這種技術 應用到了診斷兒童腦部疾病中 而不是應用到腦部研究。 他們極具創造力的技術 記錄下了腦電圖或實時的 腦部電波活動， 這可以讓我們觀察大腦 在它履行各種功能時 然後就我們就可以發現一些輕微的反常之處 在下面的這些功能中， 視覺，注意力，語言，聽覺。 有一項叫做大腦電波 活動圖譜的工程 會找出大腦中的 反常的地方 另一項叫做 統計機率圖譜的工程 用數學計算的辦法 來算出這些反常是否 在臨床上有用， 如果有用就給我們提供了一種更準確的 神經診斷方法 對兒童的症狀。 就這樣我成為了這個團隊中 臨床分支的領導者。 最終我們可以用這種技術 來幫助那些有大腦障礙的 兒童。 我很高興現在我正在 將這項技術在印度建立起來。
I‘d like to tell you about one such child， whose story was also covered by ABC News。 Seven-year-old Justin Senigar came to our clinic with this diagnosis of very severe autism。 Like many autistic children， his mind was locked inside his body。 There were moments when he would actually space out for seconds at a time。 And the doctors told his parents he was never going to be able to communicate or interact socially， and he would probably never have too much language。
我想告訴你這樣一個孩子， 他的故事也被ABC新聞報道過。 七歲的查斯丁 西尼加 來到我們診所 他被診斷患有嚴重的自閉症。 像許多自閉症兒童一樣 他的思想被禁閉在身體中。 就曾出現過他經常 獨自發呆幾秒鐘的情況。 醫生告訴他的父母 他再也不能 與人交流了， 他可能不太會說話了。
When we used this groundbreaking EEG technology to actually look at Justin’s brain， the results were startling。 It turned out that Justin was almost certainly not autistic。 He was suffering from brain seizures that were impossible to see with the naked eye， but that were actually causing symptoms that mimicked those of autism。 After Justin was given anti-seizure medication， the change in him was amazing。 Within a period of 60 days， his vocabulary went from two to three words to 300 words。 And his communication and social interaction were improved so dramatically that he was enrolled into a regular school and even became a karate super champ。
當我們用這種創造性的腦電圖技術 檢視查斯丁的大腦時 結果令人吃驚。 它顯示查斯丁幾乎沒有自閉症。 他正在受癲癇的折磨 他正在受癲癇的折磨 而這幾乎不可能用肉眼發現， 卻引起了像自閉症 一樣的症狀。 在治療查斯丁的癲癇時， 他的變化很驚人。 60天之內， 他的詞彙量從兩三個單詞 提高到300個單詞。 他的溝通和社交能力 也得到了極大地提高， 因而他入學了 併成為了空手道超級冠軍。
Research shows that 50 percent of children， almost 50 percent of children diagnosed with autism are actually suffering from hidden brain seizures。 These are the faces of the children that I have tested with stories just like Justin。 All these children came to our clinic with a diagnosis of autism， attention deficit disorder， mental retardation， language problems。 Instead， our EEG scans revealed very specific problems hidden within their brains that couldn‘t possibly have been detected by their behavioral assessments。 So these EEG scans enabled us to provide these children with a much more accurate neurological diagnosis and much more targeted treatment。
研究表明一半 幾乎一半 被診斷患有自閉症的兒童 實際上是受著隱秘的癲癇的折磨。 這是一些我檢測過的 兒童的臉。 有著像查斯丁一樣故事的 所有這些孩子 被診斷 患有自閉症，注意力缺失， 智力障礙，語言問題來到我們的診所。 而我們腦電圖掃描顯示 他們的大腦中隱藏著一些問題 這些問題很可能不會透過 對他們行為的估測來發現。 因此這些腦電圖掃描 讓我們對這些孩子做出了 更為準確的精神診斷 更具針對性的治療。
For too long now， children with developmental disorders have suffered from misdiagnosis while their real problems have gone undetected and left to worsen。 And for too long， these children and their parents have suffered undue frustration and desperation。 But we are now in a new era of neuroscience， one in which we can finally look directly at brain function in real time with no risks and no side effects， non-invasively， and find the true source of so many disabilities in children。
有發展障礙的兒童被誤診 而他們真正的問題卻沒有被發現 並變得更嚴重， 這種情況持續太久了。 這些孩子和他們的父母受挫折和絕望的折磨 太久了。 但現在我們處在一個神經科學的新時代， 在這個時代我們可以 實時地直接檢視大腦的功能狀態 這不會有危險或副作用，沒有侵害性， 並找到如此 這些兒童智力障礙的真正原因。
So if I could inspire even a fraction of you in the audience today to share this pioneering diagnostic approach with even one parent whose child is suffering from a developmental disorder， then perhaps one more puzzle in one more brain will be solved。 One more mind will be unlocked。 And one more child who has been misdiagnosed or even undiagnosed by the system will finally realize his or her true potential while there’s still time for his or her brain to recover。 And all this by simply watching the child‘s brainwaves。
如果今天我可以 透過與一位孩子患有發展障礙的父母分享 這種先進的診斷辦法 讓在座的各位中一小部分人 感到備受鼓舞的話 那也許又一個人腦中的疑惑 會被消除。 又一個思想會被解放。 又一個被誤診的或是 沒有被該系統診斷的孩子 會意識到他或她的潛力 那就是這仍然還有時間 讓他或她的大腦恢復正常。 所有這些只需透過觀察這個孩子的腦電波。
Thank you。 謝謝！
